سن قانونی
سن قانونی آستانه بزرگسالی است که در قانون به رسمیت شناخته شده یا اعلام شده‌است. این لحظه‌ای است که افراد کنترل قانونی اقدامات و تصمیمات خود را به دست می‌گیرند و بدین ترتیب کنترل و مسئولیت‌های قانونی والدین یا سرپرست آنها بر سر آنها خاتمه می‌یابد. اکثر کشورها سن قانونی را ۱۸ سال تمام(۱۷سال و ۱۲ماه) تعیین می‌کنند، اما برخی از حوزه‌های قضایی سن بالاتری دارند و برخی دیگر پایین‌تر است.
رابطه سن قانونی و سن بلوغ
این اصطلاح به‌طور معمول به مجموعه قوانینی مربوط می‌شود که وضعیت بزرگسالی را مشخص می‌کنند. سن قانونی لزوماً با بلوغ ذهنی یا جسمی فرد مطابقت ندارد.
سن قانونی در کشورهای مختلف
در حال حاضر غیر از کشورهای اسکاتلند، السالوادور، کره شمالی و جبل‌طارق سن قانونی در سایر کشورهای جهان ۱۸ سال یا بالاتر از آن است.[1]
در بسیاری از کشورها افراد خردسال قابل استخدام هستند؛ بسته به صلاحیت، این ممکن است از طریق اقداماتی مانند ازدواج، دستیابی به خودکفایی اقتصادی، اخذ مدرک تحصیلی یا مدرک تحصیلی یا شرکت در نوعی خدمت سربازی اتفاق بیفتد. در ایالات متحده، همه ایالت‌ها نوعی رهایی از افراد زیر سن قانونی دارند.[2]
در زیر لیست سن قانونی در کشورها (یا تقسیمات اداری) به ترتیب پایین‌ترین و بالاترین قرار گرفته‌است:
تا ۱۵ سال
۱۵ سال۱۶ سال۱۷ سال
۱۸ سال
سال 19
سال 20
سال 21
جستارهای وابستهپانویس
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- Amendments to existing laws have been drafted to raise majority age to 18.
- Even though children acquire legal capacity at the age of 16, National Guidance for Child Protection generally defines a child as someone under the age of 18.[14][15]
- Article 25. Minor and adolescent: minor is the person who has not turned eighteen. This Code refers to the adolescent as the minor who turned thirteen years of age.
- Article 24. The age of majority shall be 18.
- Those aged 16 or older can be emancipated upon marriage, by being approved for civil service, by graduating in college or for being economically independent
- If minor becomes a parent or marries – a judicial act is passed with prior hearing of minors parents and getting an opinion of the Social Care centre
- §30 Majority. An individual acquires full legal capacity upon reaching the age of majority. The age of majority is reached upon reaching eighteen years of age.Before reaching the age of majority, full legal capacity is acquired by being granted legal capacity or by entering into marriage. Legal capacity acquired by entering into marriage is not terminated upon termination or invalidation of marriage.
- Article 388. The minor is the individual of either sex who is not yet eighteen years old.
- Iraq's Civil Code defines the age of majority as 18; however, due to the Iraqi constitution and instability, Note 1 (above) may apply as courts choose between Shari'ah law and the Civil Code
- Constitution of Kenya. Article 260. "Adult" means an individual who has attained the age of eighteen years, "child" means an individual who has not attained the age of eighteen years.Age of Majority Act, 1977. Section 2 Age of majority. A person shall be of full age and cease to be under any disability by reason of age on attaining the age of eighteen years.
- (Netherlands) Or earlier upon marriage
- (Poland) Or upon marriage which for women can happen at 16 the earliest, voting age is 18 always
- Minors are emancipated upon marriage or in case of working on a labour agreement or being engaged in business activities.
- Children's Act, 2005 Article 1. "child" means a person under the age of 18 years, article 17. Age of majority – A child, whether male or female, becomes a major upon reaching the age of 18 years.
- Constitution article 12. Spaniards come legally of age at eighteen years. Civil Code article 315. Legal age begins upon turning eighteen. The date of birth shall be included in full for the calculation of legal age.
- In the light of article 16 of the Family Code, which provides that majority is attained at the age of 21 years, it may be inferred that the status of minor is retained in Honduras until the age of 21 years. According, however, to article 36 of the Constitution of Honduras, all Hondurans over 18 years of age are citizens. This means that the quality of citizen is attained while a person is still a minor, thus involving the assumption of the status of minor adult. The latter contracts all the obligations of persons of full age and acquires the specific rights that are reserved for such persons, with a few exceptions.[99]
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